by The tutorial explains the essence of Excel logical functions AND, OR, XOR and NOT and provides formula examples that demonstrate their common and inventive uses.
Last week we tapped into the insight of Excel logical operators that are used to compare data in different cells. Today, you will see how to extend the use of logical operators and construct more elaborate tests to perform more complex calculations. Excel logical functions such as AND, OR, XOR and NOT will help you in doing this.
Excel logical functions - overview
Microsoft Excel provides 4 logical functions to work with the logical values. The functions are AND, OR, XOR and NOT. You use these functions when you want to carry out more than one comparison in your formula or test multiple conditions instead of just one. As well as logical operators, Excel logical functions return either TRUE or FALSE when their arguments are evaluated.
The following table provides a short summary of what each logical function does to help you choose the right formula for a specific task.
| Function | Description | Formula Example | Formula Description |
| AND | Returns TRUE if all of the arguments evaluate to TRUE. | =AND(A2>=10, B2<5) |
The formula returns TRUE if a value in cell A2 is greater than or equal to 10, and a value in B2 is less than 5, FALSE otherwise. |
| OR | Returns TRUE if any argument evaluates to TRUE. | =OR(A2>=10, B2<5) |
The formula returns TRUE if A2 is greater than or equal to 10 or B2 is less than 5, or both conditions are met. If neither of the conditions it met, the formula returns FALSE. |
| XOR | Returns a logical Exclusive Or of all arguments. | =XOR(A2>=10, B2<5) |
The formula returns TRUE if either A2 is greater than or equal to 10 or B2 is less than 5. If neither of the conditions is met or both conditions are met, the formula returns FALSE. |
| NOT | Returns the reversed logical value of its argument. I.e. If the argument is FALSE, then TRUE is returned and vice versa. | =NOT(A2>=10) |
The formula returns FALSE if a value in cell A1 is greater than or equal to 10; TRUE otherwise. |
In additions to the four logical functions outlined above, Microsoft Excel provides 3 "conditional" functions - IF, IFERROR and IFNA.
Excel logical functions - facts and figures
- In arguments of the logical functions, you can use cell references, numeric and text values, Boolean values, comparison operators, and other Excel functions. However, all arguments must evaluate to the Boolean values of TRUE or FALSE, or references or arrays containing logical values.
- If an argument of a logical function contains any empty cells, such values are ignored. If all of the arguments are empty cells, the formula returns #VALUE! error.
- If an argument of a logical function contains numbers, then zero evaluates to FALSE, and all other numbers including negative numbers evaluate to TRUE. For example, if cells A1:A5 contain numbers, the formula =AND(A1:A5) will return TRUE if none of the cells contains 0, FALSE otherwise.
- A logical function returns the #VALUE! error if none of the arguments evaluate to logical values.
- A logical function returns the #NAME? error if you've misspell the function's name or attempted to use the function in an earlier Excel version that does not support it. For example, the XOR function can be used in Excel 2016 and 2013 only.
- In Excel 2007 and higher, you can include up to 255 arguments in a logical function, provided that the total length of the formula does not exceed 8,192 characters. In Excel 2003 and lower, you can supply up to 30 arguments and the total length of your formula shall not exceed 1,024 characters.
Using the AND function in Excel
The AND function is the most popular member of the logic functions family. It comes in handy when you have to test several conditions and make sure that all of them are met. Technically, the AND function tests the conditions you specify and returns TRUE if all of the conditions evaluate to TRUE, FALSE otherwise.
The syntax for the Excel AND function is as follows:
Where logical is the condition you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE. The first condition (logical1) is required, subsequent conditions are optional.
And now, let's look at some formula examples that demonstrate how to use the AND functions in Excel formulas.
| Formula | Description |
=AND(A2="Bananas", B2>C2) |
Returns TRUE if A2 contains "Bananas" and B2 is greater than C2, FALSE otherwise. |
=AND(B2>20, B2=C2) |
Returns TRUE if B2 is greater than 20 and B2 is equal to C2, FALSE otherwise. |
=AND(A2="Bananas", B2>=30, B2>C2) |
Returns TRUE if A2 contains "Bananas", B2 is greater than or equal to 30 and B2 is greater than C2, FALSE otherwise. |
Excel AND function - common uses
By itself, the Excel AND function is not very exciting and has narrow usefulness. But in combination with other Excel functions, AND can significantly extend the capabilities of your worksheets.
One of the most common uses of the Excel AND function is found in the logical_test argument of the IF function to test several conditions instead of just one. For example, you can nest any of the AND functions above inside the IF function and get a result similar to this:
=IF(AND(A2="Bananas", B2>C2), "Good", "Bad")
For more IF / AND formula examples, please check out his tutorial: Excel IF function with multiple AND conditions.
An Excel formula for the BETWEEN condition
If you need to create a between formula in Excel that picks all values between the given two values, a common approach is to use the IF function with AND in the logical test.
For example, you have 3 values in columns A, B and C and you want to know if a value in column A falls between B and C values. To make such a formula, all it takes is the IF function with nested AND and a couple of comparison operators:
Formula to check if X is between Y and Z, inclusive:
=IF(AND(A2>=B2,A2<=C2),"Yes", "No")
Formula to check if X is between Y and Z, not inclusive:
=IF(AND(A2>B2, A2<C2),"Yes", "No")
As demonstrated in the screenshot above, the formula works perfectly for all data types - numbers, dates and text values. When comparing text values, the formula checks them character-by-character in the alphabetic order. For example, it states that Apples in not between Apricot and Bananas because the second "p" in Apples comes before "r" in Apricot. Please see Using Excel comparison operators with text values for more details.
As you see, the IF /AND formula is simple, fast and almost universal. I say "almost" because it does not cover one scenario. The above formula implies that a value in column B is smaller than in column C, i.e. column B always contains the lower bound value and C - the upper bound value. This is the reason why the formula returns "No" for row 6, where A6 has 12, B6 - 15 and C6 - 3 as well as for row 8 where A8 is 24-Nov, B8 is 26-Dec and C8 is 21-Oct.
But what if you want your between formula to work correctly regardless of where the lower-bound and upper-bound values reside? In this case, use the Excel MEDIAN function that returns the median of the given numbers (i.e. the number in the middle of a set of numbers).
So, if you replace AND in the logical test of the IF function with MEDIAN, the formula will go like:
=IF(A2=MEDIAN(A2:C2),"Yes","No")
And you will get the following results:
As you see, the MEDIAN function works perfectly for numbers and dates, but returns the #NUM! error for text values. Alas, no one is perfect : )
If you want a perfect Between formula that works for text values as well as for numbers and dates, then you will have to construct a more complex logical text using the AND / OR functions, like this:
=IF(OR(AND(A2>B2, A2<C2), AND(A2<B2, A2>C2)), "Yes", "No")
Using the OR function in Excel
As well as AND, the Excel OR function is a basic logical function that is used to compare two values or statements. The difference is that the OR function returns TRUE if at least one if the arguments evaluates to TRUE, and returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE. The OR function is available in all versions of Excel 2016 - 2000.
The syntax of the Excel OR function is very similar to AND:
Where logical is something you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE. The first logical is required, additional conditions (up to 255 in modern Excel versions) are optional.
And now, let's write down a few formulas for you to get a feel how the OR function in Excel works.
| Formula | Description |
=OR(A2="Bananas", A2="Oranges") |
Returns TRUE if A2 contains "Bananas" or "Oranges", FALSE otherwise. |
=OR(B2>=40, C2>=20) |
Returns TRUE if B2 is greater than or equal to 40 or C2 is greater than or equal to 20, FALSE otherwise. |
=OR(B2=" ", C2="") |
Returns TRUE if either B2 or C2 is blank or both, FALSE otherwise. |
As well as Excel AND function, OR is widely used to expand the usefulness of other Excel functions that perform logical tests, e.g. the IF function. Here are just a couple of examples:
IF function with nested OR
=IF(OR(B2>30, C2>20), "Good", "Bad")
The formula returns "Good" if a number in cell B3 is greater than 30 or the number in C2 is greater than 20, "Bad" otherwise.
Excel AND / OR functions in one formula
Naturally, nothing prevents you from using both functions, AND & OR, in a single formula if your business logic requires this. There can be infinite variations of such formulas that boil down to the following basic patterns:
=AND(OR(Cond1, Cond2), Cond3)
=AND(OR(Cond1, Cond2), OR(Cond3, Cond4)
=OR(AND(Cond1, Cond2), Cond3)
=OR(AND(Cond1,Cond2), AND(Cond3,Cond4))
For example, if you wanted to know what consignments of bananas and oranges are sold out, i.e. "In stock" number (column B) is equal to the "Sold" number (column C), the following OR/AND formula could quickly show this to you:
=OR(AND(A2="bananas", B2=C2), AND(A2="oranges", B2=C2))
OR function in Excel conditional formatting
=OR($B2="", $C2="")
The rule with the above OR formula highlights rows that contain an empty cell either in column B or C, or in both.
For more information about conditional formatting formulas, please see the following articles:
Using the XOR function in Excel
In Excel 2013, Microsoft introduced the XOR function, which is a logical Exclusive OR function. This term is definitely familiar to those of you who have some knowledge of any programming language or computer science in general. For those who don't, the concept of 'Exclusive Or' may be a bit difficult to grasp at first, but hopefully the below explanation illustrated with formula examples will help.
The syntax of the XOR function is identical to OR's :
The first logical statement (Logical 1) is required, additional logical values are optional. You can test up to 254 conditions in one formula, and these can be logical values, arrays, or references that evaluate to either TRUE or FALSE.
In the simplest version, an XOR formula contains just 2 logical statements and returns:
- TRUE if either argument evaluates to TRUE.
- FALSE if both arguments are TRUE or neither is TRUE.
This might be easier to understand from the formula examples:
| Formula | Result | Description |
=XOR(1>0, 2<1) |
TRUE | Returns TRUE because the 1st argument is TRUE and the 2nd argument is FALSE. |
=XOR(1<0, 2<1) |
FALSE | Returns FALSE because both arguments are FALSE. |
=XOR(1>0, 2>1) |
FALSE | Returns FALSE because both arguments are TRUE. |
When more logical statements are added, the XOR function in Excel results in:
- TRUE if an odd number of the arguments evaluate to TRUE;
- FALSE if is the total number of TRUE statements is even, or if all statements are FALSE.
The screenshot below illustrates the point:
If you are not sure how the Excel XOR function can be applied to a real-life scenario, consider the following example. Suppose you have a table of contestants and their results for the first 2 games. You want to know which of the payers shall play the 3rd game based on the following conditions:
- Contestants who won Game 1 and Game 2 advance to the next round automatically and don't have to play Game 3.
- Contestants who lost both first games are knocked out and don't play Game 3 either.
- Contestants who won either Game 1 or Game 2 shall play Game 3 to determine who goes into the next round and who doesn't.
A simple XOR formula works exactly as we want:
=XOR(B2="Won", C2="Won")
And if you nest this XOR function into the logical test of the IF formula, you will get even more sensible results:
=IF(XOR(B2="Won", C2="Won"), "Yes", "No")
Using the NOT function in Excel
The NOT function is one of the simplest Excel functions in terms of syntax:
You use the NOT function in Excel to reverse a value of its argument. In other words, if logical evaluates to FALSE, the NOT function returns TRUE and vice versa. For example, both of the below formulas return FALSE:
=NOT(TRUE)
=NOT(2*2=4)
Why would one want to get such ridiculous results? In some cases, you might be more interested to know when a certain condition isn't met than when it is. For example, when reviewing a list of attire, you may want to exclude some color that does not suit you. I'm not particularly fond of black, so I go ahead with this formula:
=NOT(C2="black")
As usual, in Microsoft Excel there is more than one way to do something, and you can achieve the same result by using the Not equal to operator: =C2<>"black".
If you want to test several conditions in a single formula, you can use NOT in conjunctions with the AND or OR function. For example, if you wanted to exclude black and white colors, the formula would go like:
=NOT(OR(C2="black", C2="white"))
And if you'd rather not have a black coat, while a black jacket or a back fur coat may be considered, you should use NOT in combination with the Excel AND function:
=NOT(AND(C2="black", B2="coat"))
Another common use of the NOT function in Excel is to reverse the behavior of some other function. For instance, you can combine NOT and ISBLANK functions to create the ISNOTBLANK formula that Microsoft Excel lacks.
As you know, the formula =ISBLANK(A2) returns TRUE of if the cell A2 is blank. The NOT function can reverse this result to FALSE: =NOT(ISBLANK(A2))
And then, you can take a step further and create a nested IF statement with the NOT / ISBLANK functions for a real-life task:
=IF(NOT(ISBLANK(C2)), C2*0.15, "No bonus :(")
Translated into plain English, the formula tells Excel to do the following. If the cell C2 is not empty, multiply the number in C2 by 0.15, which gives the 15% bonus to each salesman who has made any extra sales. If C2 is blank, the text "No bonus :(" appears.
In essence, this is how you use the logical functions in Excel. Of course, these examples have only scratched the surface of AND, OR, XOR and NOT capabilities. Knowing the basics, you can now extend your knowledge by tackling your real tasks and writing smart elaborate formulas for your worksheets.
567 comments
Hello all,
Please help..
Distance 50 kg 100 kg 250 kg 500 kg 1000 kg
Upto 25 NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL
26-100 km 650 750 1000 1150 1500
101-150 km 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000
151-200 km 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250
201-300 km 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000
My query is
If distance 100 km & wg 50 so charge 650/-. if distance 100 km & wg 100 kg charging cost 750/-. if distance 100 km & wg 250 kg charging cost 1000/-. same applicable for 500 kg & 1000 kg.
same for 150 to 300 km & kg 50 to 1000 kg.
my query is condition one is same but condition 2 change so which formula I can use ?
hi Mahesh,
write down your distance on a row on top and quantity in left side colomn such as
100 150 200 250 300 (start this from "B" cell)
50
100
150
200
250
Then apply this in cells and change the value of only 100 in formula with your distance value.
=IF(OR(B18=100,A19=50),650,IF(OR(B18=100,A19=100),750,IF(OR(B18=100,A19=150),850,IF(OR(B18=100,A19=200),900,1000))))
Hi, In my spreadsheet I have the following information:
A2="Gold", B2="Silver" C2="Bronze, D2=a blank field. I'm trying to create a single formula in column E2 which captures the following:
If range A2 to D2 contains "Gold" then E2="Gold";
If range A2 to D2 does not contain "Gold" but it contains "Silver" then E2="Silver";
If range A2 to D2 does not contain "Gold" or "Silver" but contains "Bronze" then E2="Bronze";
If range A2 to D2 fields are all blank fields then E3="unrated"
Hope you can please assist. Thank you.
=IF(OR(A2="Gold",B2="Gold",C2="Gold",D2="Gold"),"Gold",IF(OR(A2"Gold",B2"Gold",C2"Gold",D2"Gold")*OR(A2="Silver",B2="Silver",C2="Silver",D2="Silver"),"Silver",IF(OR(A2"Gold",B2"Gold",C2"Gold",D2"Gold")*OR(A2"Silver",B2"Silver",C2"Silver",D2"Silver")*OR(A2="Bronze",B2="Bronze",C2="Bronze",D2="Bronze"),"Bronze","Unrated")))
May be it will help you
hi
i have one err
exp
sheet1 cell A2 in a name SOM
sheet2 cell b2 in formula given =sheet1!A2
but he shown name a repeat in cell
exp - SOM-SOM-SOM
PLS HELP ME
Hi Svetlana Cheusheva!
Please help me with complete list of excel logical function. it's urgent.
Hi there, I am not sure how to phrase my question, so please be patient with me!
I have a spreadsheet, which identifies results (based on selections) and returns scores
i.e. E3 is the result column
C3 and D3 are Player 1 and 2 respectfully.
Now, Player 1 and player 2 choose a number between 1-6. the result (from the game) goes in column E and the formula in F returns "Player 1" or "Player 2" if their answer matches the result...I hope you follow! this all works great - until, Player 1 and player 2 both choose 3!!!
This gets even more complicated if 3 is the winning result!
I need a win, lose, draw, no result type scenario but NOTHING I have tried will resolve the issue :( PLEASE HELP!
Hi,
I have 2 formulas that both work however I need to have them work together as an "OR" situation and can't come up with the right formula for that. Can you help?
=IF(AND(D45=1,Q45="N"),(I45*0.0925))
=IF(AND(D45=1,Q45="Y"),P45)
HI Dave
do just like this
=IF(AND(D45=1,Q45="N"),(I45*0.0925),IF(AND(D45=1,Q45="Y"),P45),0)
hi,
I want to solve below conditions.
9:00am to 10:00am ="A"
10:00am to 11:00am = "B"
11:00am to 12:00pm = "C"
Hello All, please help to make logical formula in excel
This One:-
=IF(A1<4,"short",IF(A1=6,"Long")))
Hi Roshan,
Try This:-
=IF(A1<4,"short",IF(A1=6,"Long")))
I want to solve simple 3 equation.
Ex:- 6inch> tall, 4 to 6 medium, 4inch<Short.
Hello, Roshan,
try this formula:
=IF(A1>6, "Tall", IF(AND(A1>=4,A1<=6), "Medium", IF(A1<4, "Short", "")))
Can you get an IF AND OR BUT IF formula
Example: =IF((AND(OR(D2="Peach",D2="Orange",D2="Apple"),OR(H2="Standard",H2="Close-Cut")),1,-1) I require a but if Cell D3=1 then the value id 1
Hello,
I'm sorry but your task is not entirely clear.
What do you mean by "value id 1"? Where do you want to see this id number? Do you want to include D3 in this condition as well? Please specify so we could advise you with your formula.
=IF(AND(AB67>100%,AC670),1%,0%)
Plz explain this formula
AB67 contains value 45000
AC67 contains 30000-150000
Here is the data:
Total surveys 20 and the csat is 18 where I'm standing at 90%. Iam checking for the formula where, how many csat's required to hit 95%
Using excel formulae, find out the following
1. How many have neither registered nor completed any of the 3 courses?
2. How many have registered or trained in atleast 2 of the 3 courses?
3. How many have not been trained in any of the 3 yet?
R - Registered for training (training not done yet)
T - Trained
Blank - Neither
Name SQL SAS Excel
Prakash R T
Rahul R
Priya R T
Amit T
.
.
.
...
.
.
..
.
.
Sir
How can import a particular Column from PDF to Excel file how ever i have many of PDF files and I want Import a particular Column (which contains some value) from PDF to Excel Please Help for this formula or Micro Please and Please
i am trying to develop a syntax that will allow me to classify patients as having metabolic syndrome. The syndrome satisfies the condition meeting any 3 out of 5 criteria. My data is in excel. truly appreciate for any help.
Thanks, Anam
It's almost impossible to give you a definite formula without any details on the data you use in your table. It would be helpful to know whether the results are numbers or text and which criteria they should meet… What I can do is to only show you a super simplified example of what your data and function may look like
=IF(COUNTIFS(B2:F2,"yes")>=3,"metabolic syndrome","")
COUNTIF counts the number of met criteria, and if it's more than or equal to 3, it returns the result with a diagnosis, otherwise the cell remains empty.
E4 shows years experience.
I need H4 to show the percentage equivalent from the table below.
10-15 years = 1.500
15-20 years = 2.250
20-25 years = 3.250
25-99 years = 4.500
I so appreciate any assistance.
Hi
I want to match a column in a table or array by using vlookup formula it give me just one column from the table can i match the column and pick the whole table with help of vlookup if yes then please give me some hints
Brief Explanation:
For example
=VLOOKUP(C17,A3:H7,4,FALSE)
the desire column index is "4" it will take just column 4 what if it take the whole table not just a column?? can i do this please help me
Thank you.
Can someone please help me with this formula
- IF(COUNTIF($AA4:$AD4,"Y")>1, COUNTIF(AA4:AD4, "EXCLUDED")>1, "Y","N"