How to use IF function in Excel: examples for text, numbers, dates, blanks

In this article, you will learn how to build an Excel IF statement for different types of values as well as how to create multiple IF statements.

IF is one of the most popular and useful functions in Excel. Generally, you use an IF statement to test a condition and to return one value if the condition is met, and another value if the condition is not met.

In this tutorial, we are going to learn the syntax and common usages of the Excel IF function, and then take a closer look at formula examples that will hopefully prove helpful to both beginners and experienced users.

IF function in Excel

IF is one of logical functions that evaluates a certain condition and returns one value if the condition is TRUE, and another value if the condition is FALSE.

The syntax of the IF function is as follows:

IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false])

As you see, IF takes a total of 3 arguments, but only the first one is obligatory, the other two are optional.

Logical_test (required) - the condition to test. Can be evaluated as either TRUE or FALSE.

Value_if_true (optional) - the value to return when the logical test evaluates to TRUE, i.e. the condition is met. If omitted, the value_if_false argument must be defined.

Value_if_false (optional) - the value to return when the logical test evaluates to FALSE, i.e. the condition is not met. If omitted, the value_if_true argument must be set.

Basic IF formula in Excel

To create a simple If then statement in Excel, this is what you need to do:

  • For logical_test, write an expression that returns either TRUE or FALSE. For this, you'd normally use one of the logical operators.
  • For value_if_true, specify what to return when the logical test evaluates to TRUE.
  • For value_if_false, specify what to return when the logical test evaluates to FALSE. Though this argument is optional, we recommend always configuring it to avoid unexpected results. For the detailed explanation, please see Excel IF: things to know.

As an example, let's write a very simple IF formula that checks a value in cell A2 and returns "Good" if the value is greater than 80, "Bad" otherwise:

=IF(B2>80, "Good", "Bad")

This formula goes to C2, and then is copied down through C7: Basic IF formula in Excel.

In case you wish to return a value only when the condition is met (or not met), otherwise - nothing, then use an empty string ("") for the "undefined" argument. For example:

=IF(B2>80, "Good", "")

This formula will return "Good" if the value in A2 is greater than 80, a blank cell otherwise: IF formula to return nothing when the condition is not met.

Excel If then formula: things to know

Though the last two parameters of the IF function are optional, your formula may produce unexpected results if you don't know the underlying logic.

If value_if_true is omitted

If the 2nd argument of your Excel IF formula is omitted (i.e. there are two consecutive commas after the logical test), you'll get zero (0) when the condition is met, which makes no sense in most cases. Here is an example of such a formula:

=IF(B2>80, , "Bad")

To return a blank cell instead, supply an empty string ("") for the second parameter, like this:

=IF(B2>80, "", "Bad")

The screenshot below demonstrates the difference: The behavior of the value_if_true argument.

If value_if_false is omitted

Omitting the 3rd parameter of IF will produce the following results when the logical test evaluates to FALSE.

If there is just a closing bracket after value_if_true, the IF function will return the logical value FALSE. Quite unexpected, isn't it? Here is an example of such a formula:

=IF(B2>80, "Good")

Typing a comma after the value_if_true argument will force Excel to return 0, which doesn't make much sense either:

=IF(B2>80, "Good",)

The most reasonable approach is using a zero-length string ("") to get a blank cell when the condition is not met:

=IF(B2>80, "Good", "") The behavior of the value_if_false argument.

Tip. To return a logical value when the specified condition is met or not met, supply TRUE for value_if_true and FALSE for value_if_false. For the results to be Boolean values that other Excel functions can recognize, don't enclose TRUE and FALSE in double quotes as this will turn them into normal text values.

Using IF function in Excel - formula examples

Now that you are familiar with the IF function's syntax, let's look at some formula examples and learn how to use If then statements in real-life scenarios.

Excel IF function with numbers

To build an IF statement for numbers, use logical operators such as:

  • Equal to (=)
  • Not equal to (<>)
  • Greater than (>)
  • Greater than or equal to (>=)
  • Less than (<)
  • Less than or equal to (<=)

Above, you have already seen an example of such a formula that checks if a number is greater than a given number.

And here's a formula that checks if a cell contains a negative number:

=IF(B2<0, "Invalid", "")

For negative numbers (which are less than 0), the formula returns "Invalid"; for zeros and positive numbers - a blank cell. A formula to check if a cell contains a negative number.

Excel IF function with text

Commonly, you write an IF statement for text values using either "equal to" or "not equal to" operator.

For example, the following formula checks the Delivery Status in B2 to determine whether an action is required or not:

=IF(B2="delivered", "No", "Yes")

Translated into plain English, the formula says: return "No" if B2 is equal to "delivered", "Yes" otherwise. Using the IF function with text.

Another way to achieve the same result is to use the "not equal to" operator and swap the value_if_true and value_if_false values:

=IF(C2<>"delivered", "Yes", "No")

Notes:

  • When using text values for IF's parameters, remember to always enclose them in double quotes.
  • Like most other Excel functions, IF is case-insensitive by default. In the above example, it does not differentiate between "delivered", "Delivered", and "DELIVERED".

Case-sensitive IF statement for text values

To treat uppercase and lowercase letters as different characters, use IF in combination with the case-sensitive EXACT function.

For example, to return "No" only when B2 contains "DELIVERED" (the uppercase), you'd use this formula:

=IF(EXACT(B2,"DELIVERED"), "No", "Yes") Case-sensitive IF statement for text values.

If cell contains partial text

In situation when you want to base the condition on partial match rather than exact match, an immediate solution that comes to mind is using wildcards in the logical test. However, this simple and obvious approach won't work. Many functions accept wildcards, but regrettably IF is not one of them.

A working solution is to use IF in combination with ISNUMBER and SEARCH (case-insensitive) or FIND (case-sensitive).

For example, in case "No" action is required both for "Delivered" and "Out for delivery" items, the following formula will work a treat:

=IF(ISNUMBER(SEARCH("deliv", B2)), "No", "Yes") IF cell contains partial text.

For more information, please see:

Excel IF statement with dates

At first sight, it may seem that IF formulas for dates are akin to IF statements for numeric and text values. Regrettably, it is not so. Unlike many other functions, IF does recognize dates in logical tests and interprets them as mere text strings. In other words, you cannot supply a date in the form of "1/1/2020" or ">1/1/2020". To make the IF function recognize a date, you need to wrap it in the DATEVALUE function.

For example, here's how you can check if a given date is greater than another date:

=IF(B2>DATEVALUE("7/18/2022"), "Coming soon", "Completed")

This formula evaluates the dates in column B and returns "Coming soon" if a game is scheduled for 18-Jul-2022 or later, "Completed" for a prior date. Excel IF statement with dates.

Of course, there is nothing that would prevent you from entering the target date in a predefined cell (say E2) and referring to that cell. Just remember to lock the cell address with the $ sign to make it an absolute reference. For instance:

=IF(B2>$E$2, "Coming soon", "Completed")

To compare a date with the current date, use the TODAY() function. For example:

=IF(B2>TODAY(), "Coming soon", "Completed")

Excel IF statement for blanks and non-blanks

If you are looking to somehow mark your data based on a certain cell(s) being empty or not empty, you can either:

  • Use the IF function together with ISBLANK, or
  • Use the logical expressions ="" (equal to blank) or <>"" (not equal to blank).

The table below explains the difference between these two approaches with formula examples.

  Logical test Description Formula Example
Blank cells =""

Evaluates to TRUE if a cell is visually empty, even if it contains a zero-length string.

Otherwise, evaluates to FALSE.

 =IF(A1="", 0, 1)

Returns 0 if A1 is visually blank. Otherwise returns 1.

If A1 contains an empty string (""), the formula returns 0.
ISBLANK()

Evaluates to TRUE is a cell contains absolutely nothing - no formula, no spaces, no empty strings.

Otherwise, evaluates to FALSE.

 =IF(ISBLANK(A1), 0, 1)

Returns 0 if A1 is absolutely empty, 1 otherwise.

If A1 contains an empty string (""), the formula returns 1.
Non-blank cells <>"" Evaluates to TRUE if a cell contains some data. Otherwise, evaluates to FALSE.

Cells with zero-length strings are considered blank.

 =IF(A1<>"", 1, 0)

Returns 1 if A1 is non-blank; 0 otherwise.

If A1 contains an empty string, the formula returns 0.
ISBLANK()=FALSE Evaluates to TRUE if a cell is not empty. Otherwise, evaluates to FALSE.

Cells with zero-length strings are considered non-blank.

 =IF(ISBLANK(A1)=FALSE, 0, 1)

Works the same as the above formula, but returns 1 if A1 contains an empty string.

And now, let's see blank and non-blank IF statements in action. Suppose you have a date in column B only if a game has already been played. To label the completed games, use one of these formulas:

=IF(B2="", "", "Completed")

=IF(ISBLANK(B2), "", "Completed")

=IF($B2<>"", "Completed", "")

=IF(ISBLANK($B2)=FALSE, "Completed", "")

In case the tested cells have no zero-length strings, all the formulas will return exactly the same results: IF statement for blank and non-blank cells.

Check if two cells are the same

To create a formula that checks if two cells match, compare the cells by using the equals sign (=) in the logical test of IF. For example:

=IF(B2=C2, "Same score", "") Check if two cells contain the same values.

To check if the two cells contain same text including the letter case, make your IF formula case-sensitive with the help of the EXACT function.

For instance, to compare the passwords in A2 and B2, and returns "Match" if the two strings are exactly the same, "Do not match" otherwise, the formula is:

=IF(EXACT(A2, B2), "Match", "Don't match") Case-sensitive IF formula to check if two cells match.

IF then formula to run another formula

In all of the previous examples, an Excel IF statement returned values. But it can also perform a certain calculation or execute another formula when a specific condition is met or not met. For this, embed another function or arithmetic expression in the value_if_true and/or value_if_false arguments.

For example, if B2 is greater than 80, we'll have it multiplied by 7%, otherwise by 3%:

=IF(B2>80, B2*7%, B2*3%) IF formula that runs another formula.

Multiple IF statements in Excel

In essence, there are two ways to write multiple IF statements in Excel:

  • Nesting several IF functions one into another
  • Using the AND or OR function in the logical test

Nested IF statement

Nested IF functions let you place multiple IF statements in the same cell, i.e. test multiple conditions within one formula and return different values depending on the results of those tests.

Assume your goal is to assign different bonuses based on the score:

  • Over 90 - 10%
  • 90 to 81 - 7%
  • 80 to 70 - 5%
  • Less than 70 - 3%

To accomplish the task, you write 3 separate IF functions and nest them one into another like this:

=IF(B2>90, 10%, IF(B2>=81, 7%, IF(B2>=70, 5%, 3%))) Nested IF statement.

For more formula examples, please see:

Excel IF statement with multiple conditions

To evaluate several conditions with the AND or OR logic, embed the corresponding function in the logical test:

For example, to return "Pass" if both scores in B2 and C2 are higher than 80, the formula is:

=IF(AND(B2>80, C2>80), "Pass", "Fail")

To get "Pass" if either score is higher than 80, the formula is:

=IF(OR(B2>80, C2>80), "Pass", "Fail") Excel IF statement with multiple conditions.

For full details, please visit:

If error in Excel

Starting from Excel 2007, we have a special function, named IFERROR, to check formulas for errors. In Excel 2013 and higher, there is also the IFNA function to handle #N/A errors.

And still, there may be some circumstances when using the IF function together with ISERROR or ISNA is a better solution. Basically, IF ISERROR is the formula to use when you want to return something if error and something else if no error. The IFERROR function is unable to do that as it always returns the result of the main formula if it isn't an error.

For example, to compare each score in column B against the top 3 scores in E2:E4, and return "Yes" if a match is found, "No" otherwise, you enter this formula in C2, and then copy it down through C7:

=IF(ISERROR(MATCH(B2, $E$2:$E$4, 0)), "No", "Yes" ) If error formula in Excel.

For more information, please see IF ISERROR formula in Excel.

Hopefully, our examples have helped you get a grasp of the Excel IF basics. I thank you for reading and hope to see you on our blog next week!

Practice workbook

Excel IF statement - formula examples (.xlsx file)

Table of contents

4802 comments

  1. I need urgent help. I need to copy an formula into an spreadsheet of mine. Using Vlookup & IF. I have 3 ranges to work with. Pink, Blue, yellow and the sheet im using has 3 columns but mine has 3 actual rows with 3 different codes. How will I do this?

  2. Hi
    I am trying to do a simple less than < formula but can't seem to get it to work. I have two columns with dates in them say A & B. I want to be able to say:

    if A1 is than A1 then B1. If A1 is blank I want it to input what is in B1.

    Any help would be great!
    Thanks

    • It would be wrong to check if A1 is less than A1. But, in case you misspelled and wanted to see if, for example, A1<A2, and return B1 in both cases, try the following:
      =IF(A1<A2, B1, IF(ISBLANK, A1), B1, "")
      If it's not helping, please, consider correcting the condition so we could assist you.

  3. Hi,
    I want to add cells up, and if they are greater than 0, add those cells up, multiply that time 200,000, then divide by other cells that contain numbers. For some reason, it will not give me the correct answer. Should I be using the IF function before the sum, or the sum function before the if?

    • Hey, Rob,
      try IF function with SUM function inside.
      If the cells to sum up are A1 and B1, the formula will be
      =IF(SUM(A1,B1)>0, (SUM(A1, B1)*200000)/C1, "")

      If it doesn't answer your request or you meant something slightly different, please, specify your question.

  4. I need this:
    =IF(H18*I18=1,"B18","")
    but B18 doesn't contain a number, but text.
    I need the IF function to give me that text in cell B18 but it gives an error.
    Is there a solution?

  5. I am trying to construct a nested IF AND function that involves summing a range of cells. I tried using the following: =IF(SUM(I6:I15)>15,2,IF(AND(ISBLANK(H24)),0,1.5)) Where am I going wrong or what variation do I need to use? Thanks!

    • Hi, Adam,
      AND function requires at least 2 parameters, but there’s only one in your formula. If you have only one condition – whether H24 is blank or not – you can omit AND. For example:
      =IF(SUM(I6:I15)>15,2,IF(ISBLANK(H24),0,1.5))

  6. Hey,i am supposed to record the following in excel. Can you assist me?

    THE FOLLOWING QUESTION;
    a) The hostels are allocated as follows
    Kenyan students are only considered if they are Female, 20 years and below, and without kids, such are housed in Nyumbani hostel.
    All other
    Single ladies without kids are housed in Manyaga hostel,
    Single Males without kids are housed in Belobelo Hostel.
    Married without Kids go to Honey hostel and Married with Kids go to Benba Hostel.

  7. i have 3 conditions
    1. if A1-cell value is a +ve value then result in B1 as "Excess"
    2. if A1-cell value is a -ve value then result in B1 as "Short"
    3. if A1-cell value is a 0 value then result in B1 as "nul"

    • ve? =IF(A1>0,"Excess",IF(A1<0,"Short",IF(A1=0,"null")))

  8. IN A COLUMN I HAVE "1,2,3" AND I WANT TO COVERT THE NUMBERS TO "WORKERS,CLEANERS,DRIVER". BECAUSE THAT IS WHAT THEY STAND FOR AND ALL THE OTHER COLUMNS HAVE TWO OR THREE NUMBERS THAT REPRESENT THE WORDS GIVEN ABOVE. THANK YOU.

    • Hi, Grace,
      if you want to change the data in one and the same cell and you don’t want to do it manually, you need to use a slightly different Excel function – Replace. It's very easy to use, and here is an article that will help you with the task:
      How to replace one value with another
      But if you have a huge table with tons of values to be replaced, you can try VLOOKUP function.

  9. Hello since I see new posts I will ask. I have tables which I am entering numbers into that total different each time I enter new numbers and total the sheet.

    These numbers for example let's say 11+11+11+11 = 44 are then totalled into a new cell and added with +3. Okay so far I have a number in the example of 47.

    I want to use your formula with the number 47 (remember this will change) that I just generated to recall a value with it.

    Example) On page 2 I have values for each number.
    11 100
    20 300
    35 600
    47 750
    etc

    I want to get the formula to upon result of my number (say 47) to then pull the value associated with that. I've tweaked it to say on a specific value of 47 to pull the 750 into the cell, but that is by manually entering the one value. I need it to do a range of values in one forumla to pull from the list.

    Is this possible? or am I in the wrong formula.

    Thank you

    • Hello, Dean,

      you were looking for a formula in the wrong article, because you need not IF, but VLOOKUP function.
      For example:
      on 'Sheet7' in A1:A4 we have the numbers. In B1 we put:
      =SUM(A1:A4,3)
      to sum them up and add 3.
      Then in C1 we use the next VLOOKUP function:
      =VLOOKUP(Sheet8!A4,Sheet8!A1:B4,2)
      to return the value of the corresponding number from 'sheet8'.
      'Sheet8' contains a little table with the possible results in A1:A4 and their corresponding values in B1:B4.

      Hope you won't have same troubles in the future!

  10. Hello everyone,

    Please help me to add another formula in this line that word will convert to a value of number. Let's say for example I type word "SL" in the other sheet, then in the other sheet must appear the value of number I set for that word. Thank you.

    Here's the formula:

    =IF('Feb PTO'!M6="","",IF('Feb PTO'!M$5-'Feb PTO'!M6>14,1.2,IF('Feb PTO'!M$5-'Feb PTO'!M6>7,1.1,IF('Feb PTO'!M$5-'Feb PTO'!M6>2,1,IF('Feb PTO'!M$5-'Feb PTO'!M6=1,0.9,0.8)))))

  11. hi
    i am using past date and future date fuanction but some date not found
    then i am change some fanction like
    =if(date-today()>0,"future date",if(today()-date>0,"past date"))
    and i found all date right can i use this or not
    in your foumula what is 30?

  12. In A column 1 raw there is a name & B column 1 & 2 row address.
    same as 3 raw there is another name & 3 & 4 & 5 row address.
    So i have to merge that data in column C against name in same address single row

  13. Re-writing some details from above question for clarity.

    C . D
    02:00 . 5
    02:10 . 7

    .... if time is not 02:00 then D1 becomes ......

  14. I have cell A1 which changes with time. ( e.g. a1=5 @2:00, a1=7 @ 2:10 etc )

    I want to tabulate A1 data against time like

    C D
    02:00 5
    02:10 7

    Problem is I can get 5 in D1 @02:00 but if time 02:00 then D1 becomes either FALSE or = current value, depending on formula.

    How to keep 5 unchanged in D1?
    I have not meddled in Macro anytime.

    Thanks in advance.

  15. I'm trying to figure out how to write a formula to compare mileage from two columns. I'm tracking service intervals on fleet vehicles. when a current mileage is within 1,000 miles i want it to turn yellow. if its within 100 miles i want it to turn red. can anyone help me please. thank you in advance

  16. Am I able to have text in one cell determine if a number in another cell is negative or positive?

    If cell A1 says "withdrawal" I would like the number in cell B1 to be negative. If cell A1 says "deposit" I would like the number in cell B1 to be positive.

  17. Hello,

    I can't figure out what's wrong with the following:

    =IF(AK2=1, AB2*365,IF(AK2=2, AB2*52,IF(AK2=3, AB2*12,IF(AK2=4, AB2, 0))))

    Column AB is 'number of times' a person does something and column AK is 'during which time period' where 1=per day, 2=per week, 3=per month and 4=per year. Now, with this forumla, I'm trying to standardize these into single variable 'times per year' in order to calculate averages etc.
    Excel just doesn't understand my formula although to me it seems what I see in numerous examples.

    • Ha! figured it out. Instead of comma, I have to use semicolon.
      Does anyone know where that comes from? Actually, I recall having this trouble earlier and spending hours trying to figure out what's wrong. Unfortunately my memory is good but short. Maybe next time...

      • Where? Do you mean every comma has to be changed to semicolon?

        I have not tried, but I think we may get syntax error.

  18. Hello,

    I can't figure out what's wrong with the following:

    IF(AK2=1, AB2*365,IF(AK2=2, AB2*52,IF(AK2=3, AB2*12,IF(AK2=4, AB2, 0))))

    Column AB is 'number of times' a person does something and column AK is 'during which time period' where 1=per day, 2=per week, 3=per month and 4=per year. Now, with this forumla, I'm trying to standardize these into single variable 'times per year' in order to calculate averages etc.
    Excel just doesn't understand my formula although to me it seems what I see in numerous examples.

  19. Hello,
    Need some help on multiple conditions.

    IF A1 = A, D & M
    True = Fill up form A
    False = Fill up form B
    (Which A1 consist of A-Z)

    • Hello, Patsy,
      please, give us more details on your task, so we could assist you.
      Do you want to fill the forms with colour or some value? What do you mean by "Which A1 consist of A-Z"?

  20. Hello,
    Need some help on multiple conditions.

    IF A1 = A, B & C
    True = Fill up form A
    False = Fill up form B
    (Which A1 consist of A-Z)

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